Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation （异构共沸蒸馏）.PDFVIP

HETEROGENEOUS AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATION Heterogeneous azeotropic distillation is a widely practiced process for the dehydration of a wide range of materials including acetic acid, chloroform, ethanol, and many higher alcohols. The technique involves separating close boiling components by adding a third component, called an entrainer, to form a minimum boiling, normally ternary azeotrope which carries the water overhead and leaves dry product in the bottom. The overhead is condensed to two liquid phases; the organic, entrainer rich phase being refluxed while the aqueous phase is decanted. Given the non-idealities, the phase splitting, the distillation boundaries present, and the possible existence of multiple steady states in such a system, columns like these can be extremely difficult to simulate and to operate. A systematic approach to the problem can save you many headaches. When designing such systems, keep the following points in mind: 1. You need to start with two triangular plots: The residue curve map and the binodal plot. The residue curve map should have the liquid phase envelope superimposed. The binodal plot should be at anticipated condenser conditions. 2. The key feature of feasible heterogeneous azeotropic distillation is that entrainers and top tray vapor compositions are selected to generate liquid-liquid tie lines which straddle at least one of the distillation boundaries dividing the two regions containing the two components to be separated. In this way, the jump effect can be exploited, whereby each column is provided with a feed composition in the required (different) distillation regions. This is why the condenser must be two-liquid phase and we reflux the organic phase while decanting the aqueous phase. 3. Distillation boundaries in homogeneous mixtures cannot be crossed by residue curves, and for all practical purposes they cannot be crossed by the steady-