Sampling Distributions The University of North （北大学的抽样分布）.pdf

Sampling Distributions For Counts and Proportions IPS Chapter 5.1 © 2009 W. H. Freeman and Company Objectives (IPS Chapter 5.1) Sampling distributions for counts and proportions Binomial distributions for sample counts Binomial distributions in statistical sampling Binomial mean and standard deviation Sample proportions Normal approximation Binomial formulas Reminder: the two types of data Quantitative Something that can be counted or measured and then averaged across individuals in the population (e.g., your height, your age, your IQ score) Categorical Something that falls into one of several categories. What can be counted is the proportion of individuals in each category (e.g., your gender, your hair color, your blood type—A, B, AB, O). How do you figure it out? Ask: What are the n individuals/units in the sample (of size “n”)? What is being recorded about those n individuals/units? Is that a number (quantitative) or a statement (categorical)? Binomial distributions for sample counts Binomial distributions are models for some categorical variables, typically representing the number of successes in a series of n trials. The observations must meet these requirements: The total number of observations n is fixed in advance. Each observation falls into just 1 of 2 categories: success and failure. The outcomes of all n observations are statistically independent. All n observations have the same probability of “success,” p . We record the next 50 births at a local hospital. Each newborn is either a boy or a girl; each baby is either born on a Sunday or not. We express a binomial distribution for the count X of successes among n observations as a function of the parameters n and p: B(n,p). The parameter n is the total number of observations. The parameter p is