SENSORS, ACTUATORS, AND OTHER CONTROL （传感器、执行器和其他控制）.ppt

Analog-to-Digital Conversion Sampling – converts the continuous signal into a series of discrete analog signals at periodic intervals Quantization – each discrete analog is converted into one of a finite number of (previously defined) discrete amplitude levels Encoding – discrete amplitude levels are converted into digital code Variable Time Analogue Signal 1001 1101 0101 Discrete Variables Hardware Devices in Analog-to-Digital Conversion Analog Digital Converter Transformation Process Sensors Transducer Other Signals Continuous Variable Signal Conditioner Multiplexer Digital Computer Amplifer Features of an ADC Sampling rate – rate at which continuous analog signal is polled e.g. 1000 samples/sec Quantization – divide analog signal into discrete levels Resolution – depends on number of quantization levels Conversion time – how long it takes to convert the sampled signal to digital code Conversion method – means by which analog signal is encoded into digital equivalent Example – Successive approximation method Successive Approximation Method A series of trial voltages are successively compared to the input signal whose value is unknown Number of trial voltages = number of bits used to encode the signal First trial voltage is 1/2 the full scale range of the ADC If the remainder of the input voltage exceeds the trial voltage, then a bit value of 1 is entered, if less than trial voltage then a bit value of zero is entered The successive bit values, multiplied by their respective trial voltages and added, becomes the encoded value of the input signal Example Analogue signal is 6.8 volts. Encode, using SAM, the signal for a 6 bit register with a full scale range of 10 volts. Resolution Quantisation levels is defined as: ?where Nq = quantisation levels; and n is the number of bits. Resolution is defined as: ? where RADC is the resolution of the ADC; L is the full-scale range of the ADC ? Quantisation generates an error, because the digitised signal is only sampled