Stat 400, chapter 2, Probability, Permutations （第二章统计400年,概率,排列）.pdfVIP

Stat 400, chapter 2, Probability, Permutations and Combinations supplemental handout prepared by Tim Pilachowski An arrangement in which the order of objects or events makes a difference, e.g. RYB ≠ RBY, is called a permutation . When the order of objects or events does not make a difference, e.g. RYB = RBY = BYR, etc, we have a combination. Answer the questions in the Examples below first yourself, first. Only look at the worked-out answers after you’ve tried them for yourself. Example A. a) In Arithmetic, addition is both commutative and associative, that is numbers can be rearranged and regrouped in any way and the answer will still be the same. Is addition more like a combination or permutation? b) In Arithmetic, division is neither commutative nor associative. It makes a difference whether one is calculating “p divided by q” or “q divided by p ”. Is division more like a combination or permutation? Example B. a) The cook at Pappy’s Restaurant makes a pizza by first rolling out and stretching the dough for the crust, then spreading out the sauce, then adding cheese and toppings. Is making a pizza more like a combination or permutation? b) The cook at Bel-Loc Diner makes sausage stew by throwing all of the ingredients into a pot and letting it simmer for four hours. Is making stew more like a combination or permutation? Example C. a) Harold Hill puts his knick knacks on a shelf according to whatever whim hits him at the moment, and is likely to move them around periodically. Is Harold’s method an example of a combination or permutation? b) Marian puts books on the shelf in the town’s library, arranging them by using their call numbers. Is Marian’s method an example of a combination or permutation? Example D. In the Maryland Lottery’s Pick 4 game, players have a choice of the type of bet. “Straight – Your number must match the winning number in exact order. Box – Your number can match the winning number in any order.” (source: ) a) Is playing