Hurricane Thermodynamics - Wake Forest University：飓风热力学-维克森林大学.ppt

Hurricane Thermodynamics Alex MacIntosh Cam Mateus Steve Lazar Costliest Hurricanes Katrina – 2005 – $81 Billion Andrew – 1992 – $26.5 Billion Wilma – 2005 – $20.6 Billion Charley – 2004 – $15 Billion Difficult to study: immense power About 48 of 80 tropical cyclones qualify in terms of intensity /Deadliest_Costliest.shtml Physical Structure Storms form in the tropics Three main parts The eye Eyewall Rainbands Axisymmetric Vortex Hydrostatic and Rotational Balance /jetstream/tropics/tc_structure.htm Carnot Engines Thermodynamic disequilibrium Four Sequences Isothermal Expansion Adiabatic Expansion Isothermal Compression Adiabatic Compression /wiki/Atmospheric_thermodynamics Equations Efficiency of Carnot Engine Carnot’s Theorem to predict maximum wind speed Climate Change Greenhouse gases and effects on hurricanes Carnot’s Theorem: Temperature difference and intensity of hurricane Adiabatic expansion increased Greater wind velocity How Temperature Variation Effects Wind Velocity When T1 = 25C, the Vmax is ~ 5.85 m/s When T1 = 30C, the Vmax is ~ 8.34 m/s This is a stunning 50% increase in the wind velocity! How? Apply a cryogenic coolant Nitrogen gas Carbon Dioxide Air Water Transport and deliver coolant using Plane Ship Barge Remotely Controlled? Thermal Updrafts Strongest Thermal Updraft At the down tilt right region of Hurricane Apply Coolant There From Nat. Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration /historymakers/Smagorinsky/hurricane_emily650.html What? Coolant does: Decreases updraft temperature Increase wind shear w/ large solid coolant pieces Higher the wind shear---weaker the storm From Clausius-Clapeyron Citations Emanuel, K.A., The Theory of Hurricanes. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 23 (1991) 179-196 Tropical Cyclone Structure. [cited November 27, 2008]; Available from: /jetstream/tropics/tc_structure.htm Kondepudi, Dilip. Introduction to Modern Thermodynamics. John Wiley Sons, Ltd, 2008. Emanuel, K.A., Tropical Cyclones. Annu.