The Different Approaches and Systems of （不同的方法和系统）.pdf

Lesson:-12 The Different Approaches and Systems of Management Students, you should know that the year 1911, the year Frederick Winslow Taylor’s Principles of Scientific Management was published, is generally considered as the year in which management scientific method to the development of knowledge. ! The scientific method involves the determination of facts through observation. This results in the formulation of concepts and principles. ! Concepts are mental images of anything formed by generalization from particulars. When these generalizations or hypotheses are tested for accuracy and appear to be true that is to reflect or explain reality, they are called principles. ! Theory is a systematic grouping of interdependent concepts and principles, which give a framework to, or tie together, a significant area of knowledge. Formally, a theory is a coherent group of assumptions put forth to explain the relationship between two or more observable facts. ! In the field of management the role of theory is to provide a means of classifying significant and pertinent management knowledge. ! Why is theory important? : ! Theories provide a stable focus for understanding what we experience. A theory provides criteria for what is relevant. ! Theories enable us to communicate efficiently and thus move into more and more complex relationships with other people. ! Theories make it possible for us to keep learning about our world. MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT Different Approaches and Systems of Management After understanding the importance of theory or the theoretical approach, let us now understand the evolution of management theory. ! P