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The General Theory of Relativity Iowa State (广义相对论的爱荷华州)
Chapter 7
The General Theory of
Relativity
The General Theory of Relativity is, as the name indicates, a generalization
of the Special Theory of Relativity. It is certainly one of the most remarkable
achievements of science to date, it was developed by Einstein with little or
no experimental motivation but driven instead by philosophical questions:
Why are inertial frames of reference so special? Why is it we do not feel
gravity’s pull when we are freely falling? Why should absolute velocities be
forbidden but absolute accelerations by accepted?
Figure 7.1: Einstein
151
152
7.1 The happiest thought of my life.
In 1907, only two years after the publication of his Special Theory of Rel-
ativity, Einstein wrote a paper attempting to modify Newton’s theory of
gravitation to fit special relativity. Was this modification necessary? Most
emphatically yes! The reason lies at the heart of the Special Theory of Rel-
ativity: Newton’s expression for the gravitational force between two objects
depends on the masses and on the distance separating the bodies, but makes
no mention of time at all. In this view of the world if one mass is moved,
the other perceives the change (as a decrease or increase of the gravitational
force) instantaneously. If exactly true this would be a physical eect which
travels faster than light (in fact, at infinite speed), and would be inconsis-
tent with the Special Theory of Relativity (see Sect. 6.2.7). The only way
out of this problem is by concluding that Newton’s gravitational equations
are not strictly correct. As in previous occasions this does not imply that
they are “wrong”, it only means that they are not accurate under certain
circumstances: situations where large velocities (and, as we will see, large
masses) are
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