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The Ocean System EOLSS(海洋系统EOLSS)
GEOGRAPHY – Vol. I - The Ocean System - Adalberto Vallega
THE OCEAN SYSTEM
Adalberto Vallega
First Vice-president, International Geographical Union, Genoa, Italy
Keywords: Ocean governance, deep-ocean management, coastal management, regional
seas management, ocean ecosystem, ocean biological diversity, ocean jurisdiction,
ocean resources, ocean uses, ocean sustainable development
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Managing the Ocean Ecosystem
2.1. The Tectonic Mechanisms
2.2. Ocean Governance in Relation to Plates and Margins S
2.3. The Role of the Water Column S
2.4. Atmosphere–Ocean Interaction S R
2.5. Ocean Ecological Diversity
3. The Ocean Facing Climate Change L E
3.1. The Hydrological Cycle O T
3.2. Sea-Level Rise
3.3. Impacts from Atmosphere and Ocean Circulation P
E
3.4. Cardinal Deductions
4. Ocean Resource Uses – A
4.1. Evolution of Ocean Exploitation H
4.2. Key Ocean Resources
4.2.1. Exploitation of Ocean Biomass
O C
4.2.2. Exploitation of Non-Living Resources
C
4.3. Ocean Communication Functions
5. Ocean Governance E
S
5.1. Governance Framework L
5.2. Governance Spaces
E
6. The Sustainable Ocean P
7. Recapitulation
N
Acknowledgements M
U
Glossary A
Bibliography
Biographical Sketch
S
Summary
The ocean has in recent times been involved in unprecedented conditions due to
concurrent influences, from climatic change and subsequent changes in biogeochemical
cycles to globalization and expanding and intensifying human pressure. The human
approach to the ocean is moving from modern conditions, where the ocean ecosystem
was regarded as an exhaustible resource reservoir, to postmodern ones, where
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