TUTORIAL No. 1 FLUID FLOW THEORY FREE （教程1号自由流体流动理论）.pdfVIP

TUTORIAL No. 1 FLUID FLOW THEORY In order to complete this tutorial you should already have completed level 1 or have a good basic knowledge of fluid mechanics equivalent to the Engineering Council part 1 examination 103. When you have completed this tutorial, you should be able to do the following. Explain the meaning of viscosity. Define the units of viscosity. Describe the basic principles of viscometers. Describe non-Newtonian flow Explain and solve problems involving laminar flow though pipes and between parallel surfaces. Explain and solve problems involving drag force on spheres. Explain and solve problems involving turbulent flow. Explain and solve problems involving friction coefficient. Throughout there are worked examples, assignments and typical exam questions. You should complete each assignment in order so that you progress from one level of knowledge to another. Let us start by examining the meaning of viscosity and how it is measured. © D.J.DUNN 1 1. VISCOSITY 1.1 BASIC THEORY Molecules of fluids exert forces of attraction on each other. In liquids this is strong enough to keep the mass together but not strong enough to keep it rigid. In gases these forces are very weak and cannot hold the mass together. When a fluid flows over a surface, the layer next to the surface may become attached to it (it wets the surface). The layers of fluid above the surface are moving so there must be shearing taking place between the layers of the fluid. Fig.1.1 Let us suppose that the fluid is flowing over a flat surface in laminated layer