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相对惯性对和惯性力的起源（修订二稿） 汤克云 中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所 中国科学院国家天文台 kytang@bao.ac.cn 摘要 在狭义相对论和广义相对论中, 都未能对‘惯性系’给出严格而自洽的定义。本文发现，如同速度和加速度都是相对的一样, 参考系也应该是相对的, 单独的‘惯性系’是无法定义的，可以明确定义的是‘相对惯性系对’和‘相对非惯性系对’。 根据推迟引力的思想， 本文从‘相对非惯性系对’中找出了推迟时刻的‘相对惯性系对’，从而将引力问题纳入狭义相对论的框架， 成功求解了诸如行星围绕太阳运动的引力问题。在一个‘相对非惯性系对’内，‘引力源’与‘受力者’是相对的，本文证明了，惯性力是引力的一部分，是由‘引力源’与‘受力者’之间的相对加速度产生的那部分引力， 所以，惯性力与引力在物理上等效，惯性质量严格等于引力质量, 强、弱等效原理自然成立。 根据本文阐明的惯性力起源，自然解释了牛顿水桶实验， 在修正了马赫原理的基础上，给出了惯性力原理 关键词：相对惯性对，惯性力的起源，马赫原理，牛顿水桶实验, 惯性力原理 The Relative Inertial Pair and the Origin of Inertial Force（2nd revised version） Abstract Both the special relativity and the general relativity, have failed to give any reasonable and self–consistent definition on inertial system. I found that independent ‘inertial system’ is meaningless, and all of the inertial system and the non-inertial system are relative. Only the relative inertial pair or the relative non- inertial pair can be defined precisely, among the relative non-inertial pair, the gravitational source and recipient are relative. According to the thought of retarded gravitation, I have completed the general way to find the relative inertial pair from the relative non-inertial pair, then put the gravitational problem into the frame of the special relativity, and the gravitational problems such as the planets revolve around the sun have been solved. This paper theoretically has proved, the inertial force is a part of the gravitational force, it is the part that generated by the relative acceleration between the gravitational source and the recipient, so, the inertial force and gravitational force are equivalent in physics, and of course, the inertial mass equals to the gravitational mass, both the weak and strong equivalent principle are true. According to the origin of inertial force expounded by this paper, Mach’s principle is modified: inertial force originates from the relative acceleration between the gravitational recipient and the source near the recipient, it is a part of the gravit