现代操作系统复习Review2015.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Modern Operating Systems Review Zhang Yang Spring 2014 Chapter 1 Introduction What is an OS? It is an extended machine It is a resource manager History of OS First generation, no OS Second generation, early batch system Third generation, multiprogramming, spooling and timesharing Fourth generation Operating System Structure Monolithic System Layered System Microkernel Client-Server Model Virtual Machine Exokernel Chapter 2 Process (1) Process Model Multiprogramming, concurrency Process Definition: an executing program Process vs. program Program The collection of instruction, static concept A program can be the execution program of multiple process Process Describe concurrency, dynamic concept A process include program ,data ,and PCB Temporary A process can call multiple program Chapter 2 Process (2) Process States Three states: running, ready, block Transition between States Process Control Block A data structure in the operating system kernel containing the information needed to manage a particular process. OS maintains a PCB for each process. Chapter 2 Process (3) Chapter 2 Process (4) Process Context Switch Switch CPU from one process to another, performed by scheduler Expensive (1-1000ms), no useful work is done (pure overhead) Chapter 2 Process (5) Process Creation Events System Initialization Execution of a process creation system call User request to create a new process Initiation of a batch job Linux Process Creation: fork( ) Process Termination Events Normal exit (voluntary) Error exit (voluntary) Fatal error (involuntary) Killed by another process (involuntary) Chapter 2 Process (6) Thread Definition: A sequential execution stream within a process (also called lightweight process) Advantages Creating a thread is (much) cheaper than a process (~10-20 times) Switching to a different thread in same process is (much) cheaper (5-50 times) Threads within same process