(电子显微课件）04-3-1Imaging.pdf

4.3.1. Imaging in the TEM 4.3.1.1. WHAT IS CONTRAST? We can define contrast (C) quantitatively in terms of the difference in intensity ( I) between two adjacent areas: (I 1 −I 2 ) ∆I C I I 2 2 Figure 4.3.1.1. Schematic intensity profiles across an image showing (A) different intensity levels (I and I ) and the difference ( I) 1 2 between them, which defines the contrast. Generally, in a TEM, if the overall intensity is increased (B) the contrast decreases. So unless the contrast from your specimen exceeds 5-10% you wont see anything on the screen or on the photograph. However, if your image is digitally recorded, you can enhance low contrast electronically to levels at which your eyes can perceive it. 4.3.1.2. PRINCIPLES OF IMAGE CONTRAST 4.3.1.2.A. Images and Diffraction Patterns Therefore, a fundamental principle of imaging in the TEM is: first view the DP, since this pattern tells you how your specimen is scattering. The relationship between the image and the DP is most critical for crystalline specimens showing diffraction contrast. However, you need to view the DP first, whatever contrast mechanism you want to use, and whatever specimen you are studying. 4.3.1.2.B. Use of the Objective Aperture or the STEM Detector: BF and DF Images In or