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Symmetry 2010, 2, 1683-1709; doi:10.3390/sym2031683 OPEN ACCESS symmetry ISSN 2073-8994 /journal/symmetry Review Complex Networks and Symmetry I: A Review Diego Garlaschelli , Franco Ruzzenenti and Riccardo Basosi ` LEM, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, P.zza Martiri della Liberta 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy; E-Mail: garlaschelli.diego@ Center for the Study of Complex Systems, University of Siena, Via Roma 56, 53100 Siena, Italy Department of Chemistry, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; E-Mail:basosi@unisi.it Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ruzzenenti@unisi.it; Tel.: +39-0577-234240; Fax: +39-0577-234239. Received: 25 August 2010; in revised form: 17 September 2010 / Accepted: 20 September 2010 / Published: 27 September 2010 Abstract: In this review we establish various connections between complex networks and symmetry. While special types of symmetries (e.g., automorphisms) are studied in detail within discrete mathematics for particular classes of deterministic graphs, the analysis of more general symmetries in real complex networks is far less developed. We argue that real networks, as any entity characterized by imperfections or errors, necessarily require a stochastic notion of invariance. We therefore propose a definition of stochastic symmetry based on graph ensembles and use it to review the main results of network theory from an unusual perspective. The resul