初级统计学的.pptVIP

;Chapter 1Introduction to Statistics;Created by Tom Wegleitner, Centreville, Virginia;Overview; Data observations (such as measurements, genders, survey responses) that have been collected ;Statistics a collection of methods for planning studies and experiments, obtaining data, and then organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on the data;描述统计与推断统计 描述统计——用图形、表格和概括性的数字对数据进行描述的统计方法，所论不超出已有数据。 推断统计（统计推断）——根据样本信息对总体进行估计、假设检验、预测或其他推断的统计方法。;Application areas of statistics;Interesting Statistics;Definition;Chapter Key Concepts;Created by Tom Wegleitner, Centreville, Virginia;Key Concept;Parameter a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population.; ; ; ;Working with Quantitative Data;Discrete data result when the number of possible values is either a finite number or a ‘countable’ number Example: The number of eggs that a hen lays;Continuous (numerical) data result from infinitely many possible values that correspond to some continuous scale that covers a range of values without gaps, interruptions, or jumps;Levels of Measurement; Nominal level of measurement characterized by data that consist of names, labels, or categories only, and the data cannot be arranged in an ordering scheme (such as low to high);Characteristic; Ordinal level of measurement involves data that can be arranged in some order, but differences between data values either cannot be determined or are meaningless;对事物分类的同时给出各类别的顺序 未测量出类别之间的准确差值 数据表现为“类别”，但有序 具有或的数学特性; Interval level of measurement like the ordinal level, with the additional property that the difference between any two data values is meaningful, however, there is no natural zero starting point (where none of the quantity is present);1. 对事物的准确测度 2. 比顺序尺度精确，可以转化为顺序尺度 3. 数据表现为“数值” 4. 具有 + 或 - 的数学特性; Ratio level of measurement the interval level with the additional property that there is also a natural zero starting point (where zer