稻种遗传资源多样性的开发利用及保护①-生物多样性.PDFVIP

生物多样性 　第 6 卷 ,第 1 期 ,1998 年 2 月 CHIN ESE BIODIV ERSIT Y　6 ( 1) :63～72 , February , 1998 稻种遗传资源多样性的开发利用及保护① 卢 宝 荣 ( 中国科学院植物研究所系统与进化植物学开放实验室, 　北京　100093) 摘 　要 　 由于近年来栽培稻众多改良品种的育成和大面积推广,使之在很大程度上取代了地方品种 , 造成栽培稻基因源的大量基因流失 ,导致栽培稻品种的遗传基础越来越狭窄以至不能承受新病、虫害和 不利环境的袭击。同时 , 由于人们长期施用杀虫剂、灭菌剂和除草剂等化学农药,严重地恶化了农业生 态环境。要改变这种恶性循环的局面 ,开发和利用稻种的遗传资源 , 以丰富栽培稻品种的遗传基础是非 常必要的。稻种基因源包括了亚洲栽培稻、非洲栽培稻、杂草稻、稻属的野生物种以及稻族内的近缘属 种 ,它们是栽培稻品种进一步改良所不可缺少的遗传资源。但是 , 由于农业生产模式的改变,社会经济 和工业化水平的迅速发展和提高 ,稻种基因源的多样性受到了严重的影响和威胁。一些野生稻种的居 群已经迅速地缩小甚至从原产地消失。因此 ,对稻种基因源及其多样性进行及时有效的保护 ,并对其进 行合理的开发和利用 ,是保证栽培稻进一步改良和持久生产的最有效方法。 关键词 　禾本科 ,稻属 ,稻种基因源 ,遗传资源 ,保护 ,资源利用 Diversity of rice genetic resources and its utilization and conservation/ L U BaoRong Abstract 　The widespread adoption of improved highyield rice varieties , which in a large scale replaced tradi tional and local rice varieties , has resulted in a great genetic erosion of the cultivated rice genepool. This pro cess has narrowed genetic background of the cultivated rice. As a result , modern rice varieties become vulnera ble and can not stand the attack of new disease and insect pests , and the unfavorable changes of environments. Meanwhile , the longterm use of chemical pesticides and herbicides significantly deteriorated agricultural e cosystem. In order to change this vicious cycle of the rice ecosystem , it is very important and necessary to ex plore and utilize the genetic biodiversity in the rice genepool to broaden the genetic background of the cultivated rice. The rice genepool encompasses varieties of Asia rice and African rice , weedy rice , wild species of rice in the genus Oryz a , and species in the related genera of the tribe Oryzeae. These are the essential germplasm re sources for the further improvement of cultiv