parental occupational exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and male genital malformations a study in the danish national birth cohort study父母的职业接触内分泌干扰化学物质和男性生殖器畸形的丹麦国家出生队列研究的研究.pdf

Morales-Suárez-Varela et al. Environmental Health 2011, 10:3 /content/10/1/3 RESEARCH Open Access Parental occupational exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and male genital malformations: A study in the danish national birth cohort study 1,2,3* 4 4,5 4 6 María M Morales-Suárez-Varela , Gunnar V Toft , Morten S Jensen , Cecilia Ramlau-Hansen , Linda Kaerlev , 4 1,2,3 7 8,9 Ane-Marie Thulstrup , Agustín Llopis-González , Jørn Olsen , Jens P Bonde Abstract Background: Sex hormones closely regulate development of the male genital organs during fetal life. The hypothesis that xenobiotics may disrupt endogenous hormonal signalling has received considerable scientific attention, but human evidence is scarce. Objectives: We analyse occurrence of hypospadias and cryptorchidism according to maternal and paternal occupational exposure to possible endocrine disrupting chemicals. Methods: We conducted a follow-up study of 45,341 male singleton deliveries in the Danish National Birth Cohort during 1997-2009. Information on work during pregnancy was obtained by telephone interviews around gestational week 16. Parents’ job titles were classified according to DISCO-88. A job exposure matrix for endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) was implemented to assess occupational exposures. The Medical Birth and National Hospital Register provided data on congenital anomalies diagnosed at birth or during follow-up, which ended in 2009. Crude and adjusted hazard ratios (HR) were obtained from Cox regression models. Results: Among all pregnancies, 6.3% were classified as possibly or probably ex