review of histopathological and molecular prognostic features in colorectal cancer评审的组织病理学和分子结直肠癌的预后特征.pdfVIP

Cancers 2011, 3, 2767-2810; doi:10.3390/cancers3022767 OPEN ACCESS cancers ISSN 2072-6694 /journal/cancers Review Review of Histopathological and Molecular Prognostic Features in Colorectal Cancer Ola Marzouk and John Schofield * Department of Cellular Pathology, Maidstone Hospital, Hermitage Lane, Maidstone, Kent ME16 9QQ, UK; E-Mail: olamarzouk@hotmail.co.uk (O.M.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: john.schofield@ ; Tel.: +44-1622-224051; Fax: +44-1622-224051. Received: 10 March 2011; in revised form: 14 June 2011 / Accepted: 15 June 2011 / Published: 23 June 2011 Abstract: Prediction of prognosis in colorectal cancer is vital for the choice of therapeutic options. Histopathological factors remain paramount in this respect. Factors such as tumor size, histological type and subtype, presence of signet ring morphology and the degree of differentiation as well as the presence of lymphovascular invasion and lymph node involvement are well known factors that influence outcome. Our understanding of these factors has improved in the past few years with factors such as tumor budding, lymphocytic infiltration being recognized as important. Likewise the prognostic significance of resection margins, particularly circumferential margins has been appreciated in the last two decades. A number of molecular and genetic markers such as KRAS, BRAF and microsatellite instability are also important and correlate with histological features in so