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spontaneous symmetry breaking and nambu–goldstone bosons in quantum many-body systems自发对称性破缺,并nambu-goldstone玻色子在量子多体的系统.pdf

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spontaneous symmetry breaking and nambu–goldstone bosons in quantum many-body systems自发对称性破缺,并nambu-goldstone玻色子在量子多体的系统

Symmetry 2010, 2, 609-657; doi:10.3390/sym2020609 OPEN ACCESS symmetry ISSN 2073-8994 /journal/symmetry Review Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and Nambu–Goldstone Bosons in Quantum Many-Body Systems ´ˇ Tomas Brauner Institute for Theoretical Physics, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; E-Mail: brauner@th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de ˇ ˇ Department of Theoretical Physics, Nuclear Physics Institute ASCR, 25068 Rez, Czech Republic Received: 1 January 2010; in revised form: 31 March 2010 / Accepted: 6 April 2010 / Published: 7 April 2010 Abstract: Spontaneous symmetry breaking is a general principle that constitutes the underlying concept of a vast number of physical phenomena ranging from ferromagnetism and superconductivity in condensed matter physics to the Higgs mechanism in the standard model of elementary particles. I focus on manifestations of spontaneously broken symmetries in systems that are not Lorentz invariant, which include both nonrelativistic systems as well as relativistic systems at nonzero density, providing a self-contained review of the properties of spontaneously broken symmetries speciﬁc to such theories. Topics covered include: (i) Introduction to the mathematics of spontaneous symmetry breaking and the Goldstone theorem. (ii) Minimization of Higgs-type potentials for higher-dimensional