原创力文档stress tolerance of bed bugs a review of factors that cause trauma to cimex lectularius and c. hemipterus压力臭虫公差评估因素导致创伤臭虫和c . hemipterus.pdfVIP
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stress tolerance of bed bugs a review of factors that cause trauma to cimex lectularius and c. hemipterus压力臭虫公差评估因素导致创伤臭虫和c . hemipterus
Insects 2011, 2, 151-172; doi:10.3390/insects2020151
OPEN ACCESS
insects
ISSN 2075-4450
/journal/insects/
Review
Stress Tolerance of Bed Bugs: A Review of Factors That Cause
Trauma to Cimex lectularius and C. Hemipterus
Joshua B. Benoit
Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University,
New Haven, CT 06510, USA; E-Mail: joshua.benoit@; Tel.: +1-203-737-4134.
Received: 28 February 2011; in revisedform: 26 March 2011 / Accepted: 20 April 2011 /
Published: 29 April 2011
Abstract: Recent emergence of bed bugs (Cimex spp.) has prompted a significant
expansion of research devoted to this pest. The ability to survive and recover from stress
has significant implications on the distribution and survival of insects, and bed bugs are no
exception. Research on bed bug stress tolerance has shown considerable progress and
necessitates a review on this topic. Bed bugs have an extraordinary ability to resist
dehydration between bloodmeals, and this represents a critical factor allowing their
prolonged survival when no host is available. High relative humidities are detrimental to
bed bugs, leading to reduced survival in comparison to those held at lower relative
humidities. Continual exposure of bed bugs, eggs and mobile stages, to temperatures below
freezing and short term exposure (=1 h) to temperatures below − 16 to − 18 °C results in
mortality. The upper thermal limit for short term exposure of eggs, nymphs and adults is
bet
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