testing an emerging paradigm in migration ecology shows surprising differences in efficiency between flight modes测试一个新兴的移民生态范例显示惊人的效率飞行模式之间的差异.pdfVIP

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testing an emerging paradigm in migration ecology shows surprising differences in efficiency between flight modes测试一个新兴的移民生态范例显示惊人的效率飞行模式之间的差异.pdf

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testing an emerging paradigm in migration ecology shows surprising differences in efficiency between flight modes测试一个新兴的移民生态范例显示惊人的效率飞行模式之间的差异

Testing an Emerging Paradigm in Migration Ecology Shows Surprising Differences in Efficiency between Flight Modes 1 1,2 3 4 5 6 Adam E. Duerr *, Tricia A. Miller , Michael Lanzone , Dave Brandes , Jeff Cooper , Kieran O’Malley , 7 8 1,9 Charles Maisonneuve , Junior Tremblay , Todd Katzner 1 Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America, 2 Riparia, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America, 3 Cellular Tracking Technologies LLC, Somerset, Pennsylvania, United States of America, 4 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Acopian Engineering Center, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, United States of America, 5 Virginia Department of Game and Inland ` Fisheries, Fredericksburg, Virginia, United States of America, 6 West Virginia Division of Natural Resources, Romney, West Virginia, United States of America, 7 Ministere ´ ` ´ ´ des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada, 8 Ministere des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, 9 United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Timber and Watershed Laboratory, Parsons, West Virginia, United States of America Abstract To maximize fitness, flying animals should maximize flight speed while minimizing energetic expenditure. Soaring speeds of