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The GBS PI-2a Pilus Is Required for Virulence in Mice Neonates 1,2,3 1,2 1,2,4 1,2 5 Salvatore Papasergi , Sara Brega , Michel-Yves Mistou , Arnaud Firon , Virginie Oxaran , Ron 6 3 6 1,2 1,2 Dover , Giuseppe Teti , Yechiel Shai , Patrick Trieu-Cuot , Shaynoor Dramsi * ´ ´ ` ` 1 Institut Pasteur, Unite de Biologie des Bacteries Pathogenes a Gram-Positif, Paris, France, 2 URA CNRS 2172, Paris, France, 3 The Elie Metchnikoff Department, University ´ of Messina, Messina, Italy, 4 INRA, MICALIS UMR 1319, Equipe Paroi, Jouy-en-Josas, France, 5 INRA, MICALIS UMR1319, Equipe Proteines de Surface Utiles, Jouy-en-Josas, France, 6 Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Abstract Background: Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus) is a leading cause of sepsis and meningitis in newborns. Most bacterial pathogens, including gram-positive bacteria, have long filamentous structures known as pili extending from their surface. Although pili are described as adhesive organelles, they have been also implicated in many other functions including thwarting the host immune responses. We previously characterized the pilus-encoding operon PI-2a (gbs1479- 1474) in strain NEM316. This pilus is composed of three structural subunit proteins: PilA (Gbs1478), PilB (Gbs1477), and PilC (Gbs1474), and its assembly invol