collective defense of aphis nerii and uroleucon hypochoeridis (homoptera, aphididae) against natural enemies集体防御的蚜虫nerii和uroleucon hypochoeridis对天敌(同翅目,蚜科).pdfVIP

Collective Defense of Aphis nerii and Uroleucon hypochoeridis (Homoptera, Aphididae) against Natural Enemies Manfred Hartbauer* Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Graz, Austria Abstract The prevalent way aphids accomplish colony defense against natural enemies is a mutualistic relationship with ants or the occurrence of a specialised soldier caste typcial for eusocial aphids, or even both. Despite a group-living life style of those aphid species lacking these defense lines, communal defense against natural predators h