考研指导（Postgraduate guidance）.docVIP

考研指导（Postgraduate guidance） The pulse is slightly faster or normal fast fast The blood pressure can be normal and low Very little urine, less normal (less advanced) (two) low potassium white mark 1 serum potassium 3.5 mmo1/L 2, etiology: (1) insufficient intake - long-term fasting (2) excessive loss - gastrointestinal fistula, vomiting, diuretics and alkalosis (3) abnormal distribution - glucose + insulin input 3 、 clinical manifestation: Absence of K+ triad (1), lack of expression, weakness of muscle (2) abdominal distension, decreased bowel sounds (3) muffled, flattened T wave, U wave 4, treatment: (1) strive for oral (2) see urinary supplement K+ The supplement of K+ (3) concentration is appropriate (4) do not drip quickly (5) control total amount; Hyperkalemia (1) serum K+ 5.5mmo1/L; (2) manifestation: asthenia, flaccid paralysis, bradycardia, and T wave apex Hypocalcemia 1, serum calcium is less than 2 mmo1/L (8mg/dl) 2, the etiology of acute pancreatitis, intestinal fistula, parathyroid insufficiency 3, N-M = excitatory mouth numbness foot twitch Chwstek sign (+) Trouseau (+) sign 4, treatment: make up Ca2+ Maintenance of acid-base balance Normal blood weakly alkaline: PH is 7.35-7.45 1. Blood buffer system: Hco3-: H2 co3=20:1 2, the regulation of the lungs: CO2 discharge, speed up or slow down 3, the regulation of the kidney: H+ discharge Generation of acid 1, cause peritonitis, shock, intestinal fistula, intestinal obstruction 2: Performance: deep breathing, breath, ketone flavor, facial flushing, often accompanied by dehydration symptoms 3, treatment: (1) correct dehydration (2) CO2, CP 35vol/dl, HCO3- 10mmol/l are alkaline Intravenous injection of solution (NaHco3, THAM) Alkali generation 1, etiology: pyloric obstruction, into the lye, low K+ blood, diuretic (low a -, low K + alkalosis) 2, performance: hand and foot convulsions, alkaline urine or abnormal acidic urine CO2 CP free G2+: pH HCO5 3, treatment: enter NS, 5%GNS, fill K + (four) calling acid;