非生物因素和其限制.ppt

生態學 2001 第 3 章 非生物因素和其限制 鄭先祐 生態主張者 Ayo Abiotic Factors and Limits Physical Resources and Limiting Factors The Effects of abiotic Factors on Species distribution and abundance Types of adaptive responses The Effects of and adaptations to thermal stress Adaptations for water balance Adaptations to light stimuli Adaptations to nutrient availability Other abiotic factors Physical Resources and Limiting Factors Physical resources (物理資源) are those abiotic factors that an organism must assimilate if it is to live and prosper. Physical factor (物理因素) are those physical or chemical effects may delimit a zone in which life is possible. Limiting factors (限制因素) are those to determine the presence or absence of a species The law of the minimum (Liebig, 1840) The law of tolerance (Selford, 1913) 可容忍的範圍 Acclimatization ?acclimation vs. acclimatization The Effects of abiotic Factors on Species distribution and abundance Temperature Water Abundance and Salinity Nutrient availability 溫度的限制 Climatic Change Cactus 的分布，受限於持續冷凍的時間，若是超過36小時結凍，catcus就無法生存。 蝴蝶的地理分布 許多是受限於氣溫。 Papilio canadensis 和 P. glaucus P. canadensis (分布於Alaska) P. glaucus (分布於Georgia) 將這兩種都放到Alaska地區。 P. glaucus 只有8%個體存活，P. canadensis 則有超過60%個體存活。 氣溫愈低，飛鼠聚集縮成一團的個體數量增多 Temperature Quail(game birds) are strongly affected by the temperature regime when the young hatch. 珊瑚(Millepora spp.)，有三個物種。 因為El Ni?o 的現象，造成海水溫度上升2-3oC 長達5-6個月，結果是有兩種珊瑚完成消失，另一種珊瑚只有少數的存活。 Water abundance and salinity Are restricted to the fog belt 乾旱地區，差幾尺的土壤，其保水量就可有顯著的差異。 地形的影響 土壤鹽分的影響 Nutrient availability Plants are frequently nutrient-limited, particularly with respect to nitrogen and phosphorus. Many ungulates(有蹄類) seek out mineral licks – areas with high soil concentration of certain elements such as sodium or calcium. 極地的小旅鼠之群族變動nutrient recovery hypothesis Types of adaptive responses Homeostatic mechanisms Avoidance strategies Homeostatic mechanisms Avoidance strategies To avoid the physical factor that stress it 1. Hibernation, estivation,