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Jin PQ, Xie X, Jensen CS et al. HAG: An energy-proportional data storage scheme for disk array systems. JOURNAL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 30(4): 679–695 July 2015. DOI 10.1007/s11390-015-1554-x HAG: An Energy-Proportional Data Storage Scheme for Disk Array Systems 1,2 7 ), Senior Member, CCF, Member, ACM, IEEE Pei-Quan Jin ( Xike Xie 3,∗ ( F‰ ), Member, ACM, IEEE, Christian S. Jensen 3, Fellow, ACM, IEEE, Yong Jin 1 (7 ℄) and Li-Hua Yue 1,2 (wu ), Senior Member, CCF, Member, ACM 1School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China 2Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Information, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230027, China 3Department of Computer Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg, DK-9220, Denmark E-mail: jpq@; {xkxie, csj}@cs.aau.dk; piaopiao@; llyue@ Received January 29, 2015; revised March 25, 2015. Abstract Energy consumption has been a critical issue for data storage systems, especially for modern data centers. A recent survey has showed that power costs amount to about 50% of the total cost of ownership in a typical data center, with about 27% of the system power being consumed by storage systems. This paper aims at providing an effective solution to reducing the energy consumed by disk storage systems, by proposing a new approach to reduce the energy consumption. Differing from previous approaches, we adopt two new designs. 1) We introduce a hotness-aware and group-based system model (HAG) to organize the disks, in which all disks are partitioned into a hot group and a cold group. We only make file migration between the two groups and avoid the migration within a single group, so that we are able to reduce the total cost of file migration. 2) We use an on-demand approach to reorganize files among