第一章 糖（Chapter 1 sugar）.doc

第一章 糖（Chapter 1 sugar） Chapter 1 sugar First, the concept of sugar Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy (2 or more) aldehydes (aldehyde) or ketones (Ketone) compounds, and their derivatives or polymers. Accordingly, they can be divided into aldose and ketose. sugar Also according to the number of sub divided into triose carbon (triose), chitosan (terose), pentose and hexose (pentose) (hexose). The simplest sugars are the propylene sugar (glyceryl aldehyde and dihydroxy acetone) Since most carbohydrate compounds can be represented by the general formula Cn (H2O) n, carbohydrates have been thought to be carbon and water compounds, known as carbohydrates. The term is now appropriate and has only been used for a long time, and many still call it carbohydrate. Two. Kinds of sugar According to the number of structural units of the sugar, how many are divided into?: (1) monosaccharide: sugar that cannot be hydrolyzed to smaller molecules. (2): 2-6 oligosaccharides of monosaccharides and disaccharides to dehydration, the most common meaning is also larger. (3) polysaccharides: Homogeneous polysaccharides: starch, glycogen, cellulose, hemicellulose, chitin (chitosan) Heterogeneous polysaccharides: glycosaminoglycans, polysaccharides (hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, etc.) (4) combine sugar (compound sugar, glycoconjugates, glycoconjugate): glycolipids, glycoproteins (proteoglycans), sugar nucleotides, etc. (5) sugar derivatives: sugar alcohols, sugars, acids, sugars, amines, glycosides Three. Biological function of sugar (1) providing energy. The starch of plants and the glycogen of animals are forms of energy storage. (2) carbon skeleton of substance metabolism, Providing carbon skeletons for the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. (3) the cytoskeleton of cells. Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin are the major components of plant cell walls, and peptidoglycan is the major component of cell walls. (4) cell recognition and biomolecular recogn