第2章节比较优势原理.pptVIP

A country has a comparative advantage in producing a goods if the opportunity cost of producing that goods in terms of other goods is lower in that country than it is in other countries. 当一国在一种商品生产上有较低的机会成本时，该国在该商品生产上就有比较优势 U.S U.K Wheat (bushels/man-hour) 6 1 Cloth (yards/man-hour) 4 2 U.S U.K Wheat 2/3 2 Cloth 3/2 1/2 两国两种商品生产的机会成本 Opportunity costs can be illustrated with the production possibility frontier（PPF), or transformation curve (TC). 机会成本可以用生产可能性边界（PPF，或者转换曲线TC)说明。 QcMax=L/aLc QWMax=L/aLw 图2.1： 本国的生产可能性边界（PPF） 斜率是以C商品表示的W商品的机会成本。 F P Qc Qw - +1 机会成本=- =MRT (Marginal rate of transformation F* P* Qc *Max=L*/a*Lc QW * Max=L*/a*Lw Q*c Q*w +1 图2.1： 外国的生产可能性边界（PPF） Constant opportunity Cost---机会成本不变 It arise when resources are perfect substitutes for each other or used in fixed proportion in the production---资源完全可以互相替代或在生产中使用的比例是固定的. all units of the same factor are homogeneous---要素是同质的. 假设 不考虑需求因素 存在以下成本情况 Opportunity costs and relative commodity price---机会成本与相对商品价格 To conclude, we can say that the difference in relative commodity prices between the two nations (given by the difference in the slope of their transformation curves) is a reflection of their comparative advantage. 在完全竞争和不考虑需求的情况下，一国在某一商品上的机会成本等于相对价格，而相对价格低是比较优势的反映。 结论： 2.6 The Basis for and the Gains from Trade under Constant Costs--- (固定成本下）贸易的基础及贸易所得 Fig 2-2 The Gains from Trade In the absence of trade, the U.S. produces and consumes at A, and the U.K. at A’. 在封闭状态下，美国在A点生产，英国在A’点生产。 With trade, the U.S. specializes on the production of wheat and produces at B, while the U.K. specializes in the production of cloth and produces at B’. 专业化后美国在B点生产，而英国在B’点专业化生产。 固定成本下的完全专业化（complete specialization） 所有的资源都用于一种产品的生产，不再生产其他产品 By exchanging 70W for 70C with the U.K., the U.S. ends up consuming at E (and gains 20W and