计算机科学概论 课件Chap 05.pdfVIP

Chapter 5: Algorithms 5-1 Chapter 5: Algorithms 算法 • 5.1 The Concept of an Algorithm • 5.2 Algorithm Representation • 5.3 Algorithm Discovery • 5.4 Iterative Structures • 5.5 Recursive Structures • 5.6 Efficiency and Correctness 5-2 5.1 The Concept of an Algorithm 算法的概念 Definition of Algorithm 算法的定义 An algorithm is an ordered set of unambiguous, executable steps that defines a terminating process. 算法是定义一个可终止进程的一组有 序的、无歧义的、可执行的步骤的集 合 5-3 • Algorithm算法vs.Program程序vs.Process进程 – algorithm ：an ordered set of unambiguous, executable steps that defines a terminating process. –program ：a formal representation of an algorithm designed for computer application –process ：the activity of executing a program 鸡兔同笼问题。 大约在1500年前， 《孙子算经》中记载了这个有 趣的问题： “今有雉兔同笼，上有三十五头， 下有九十四足，问雉兔各几何？” 5-4 5.3 Algorithm Discovery算法的发现 • The development of a program consists of two activities： – discovering the underlying algorithm (most challenging) – representing that algorithm as a program. • Polya’s Problem Solving Steps – 1. Understand the problem. – 2. Devise a plan for solving the problem. – 3. Carry out the plan. – 4. Evaluate the solution for accuracy and its potential as a tool for solving other problems. 5-5 • The basic principles for problem-solving 1. Understand the problem. 2. Get an idea as to how an algorithmic procedure might solve the problem. 3. Formulate the algorit