江西省龙中学高三英语阅读训练.docVIP

(精选06各省市模拟题C、D、E三篇) 一 American Thomas Schelling and Israeli-American Robert Aumann will share the 2005 Nobel Prize in economics. Both men have greatly influenced the way conflict and business negotiations are carried out. The two men are being honored for their work in developing an economic idea. It is called game theory. Game theory began as the study of decision-making in competitive situations, like games. John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern linked the theory of games with economic activities more than sixty years ago. In the nineteen fifties, John Nash developed an idea known as the Nash equilibrium (平衡). The Nash equilibrium is the point where all sides in a competitive situation believe they have been given the best offer they will ever get. He proved this with mathematical methods. Mr. Nash won the Nobel Prize in economics with two other men in 1994. Mr. Schelling used the ideas of game theory to study real-life problems, such as the arms competition between the United States and the Soviet Union forty years ago. He was interested in what influenced negotiating groups. He showed how one side might decide to harm its interests for a short period of time to make gains over a longer period. Mr. Schelling also used game theory to show how people become divided by race. He found that divided societies can result even among persons mostly willing to live near people of another race. Mr. Aumann developed game theory mathematically so that it can be useful for different areas of study. He showed that peaceful cooperation can provide good results for all competitors in a game over a long period. This is true even among competitors with a temporary conflict of interest. Mr. Aumann also considered how reasonable decisions are made among groups. He showed that knowing what competitors know is important to decision-making. The work of both men has influenced areas of study other than economics. International negotiators, military planners, business leaders and