词汇学-第三章.pptVIP

English Lexicology Chapter 3 Word formation I Abstract  This chapter aims to analyze the morphological structures of words and gain a working knowledge of the different word forming elements. It also expounds the basic conceptions of morpheme, allomorph, classify morphemes and differentiate root and stem. Main points Morpheme Allomorph Types of morphemes 1) Free morpheme 2) Bound morpheme Main points a. bound root b. affixes i. inflectional affixes ii. derivational affixes prefixes suffixes Root and stem English vocabulary is enriched on an internal basis. New words are mainly created by using the existing material available in English, whether native or foreign. Morphemes (语素、词素) A word is the smallest unit of a language that stands alone to communicate meaning. Structurally, a word is not the smallest units because many words can be separated into even smaller meaningful units. Morphemes Let’s take internationalization as an example, which can be broken down into inter-, nation, -al, -ize, -ation, each having a meaning of its own. And these segments cannot be further divided; otherwise, they could not make any sense. Morphemes Undesirability---- -un+ -desire+ -able+ -ity Improvement---- -im+ -prove+ -ment Definition of the morpheme MORPHEME is the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. Definition of the morpheme The morpheme is “the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words”. Crystal, 1985 Morph and allomorph The definition of morph(形素) Morphs are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning. Bolinger and sears, 1981 - phonological and orthographical forms used to represent morphemes. Morphemes can be represented in braces. For example, {big} is pronounced as /big/ and spelled as big, thus /big/ and