遥感物理-大气2011-1（副本）.pptVIP

Figure 4: Vertical temperature profile for the Standard Atmosphere with the main atmospheric regions as indicated. Adapted from Butler et al (1987), p111. 5.1.1 大气成分 5.1.2 描述大气状态的基本参量 5.1.3 大气静力学方程 5.1.4 大气压力和密度的垂直廓线 5.1.5 大气温度和湿度的垂直廓线 5.1.6 大气气溶胶 5.1.7 大气水汽 5.1.8 水圈与水文循环 5.1.9 云与降水 第一节 大气组成与大气的基本特性 Atmospheric aerosols are small airborne particles of widely differing chemical composition. They are important for a number of reasons including: scattering of aerosols will be used by a number of next-generation active remote sensing instruments in derivation of geophysical parameters; many aerosols act as cloud condensation nuclei and are therefore important in the formation of clouds and precipitation; aerosol content affects the earths albedo and therefore the global energy balance and climate. 5.1.6 大气气溶胶 (a) Composition Most aerosol particles originate from blowing soil, smoke, volcanoes, and the oceans. Particles made of sodium chloride氯化钠 or magnesium chloride氯化镁 are hygroscopic 吸湿的and therefore act as good sites for the condensation of water to form cloud droplets. (b) Concentrations These vary considerably but are typically of order 10^3 cm-3 over oceans, 10^4 cm^-3 over rural land and 10^5 over cities. The concentrations generally decrease with altitude. (c) Size spectrum Aerosol particles are often classified by size as: ·?? Aitken nuclei (about 5x10^-3 to 0.2 microns); ·?? large nuclei (about 0.2 to 1.0 microns); ·?? giant nuclei (larger than 1.0 microns). The concentrations of nuclei fall off very sharply with increasing size e.g. the values are typically 10^3 to 10^5 cm^-3 for Aitken nuclei, 100 cm^-3 for large nuclei and 1 or less cm^-3 for giant nuclei. (d) Effect on solar, terrestrial and microwave radiation The scattering due to aerosols depends on a number of factors including the nature of the particles, their diameters and the wavelength of incident radiation. This is disc