化学工程基础Chapter2 幻灯片.ppt

CHP 2 FLUID FLOW Chapter 2 Fluid Flow Transportation 引言 Introduction 流体 Definition and features A fluid is a substance that does not permanently resist distortion. Liquids are generally considered to be incompressible and gases compressible. 研究流体运动规律的重要性 The behavior of fluids constitutes one of the foundations for the study of both unit operations and chemical reaction engineering. Introduction 流体质点 Mass of fluid 流体分子自由程流体质点尺寸设备大小 流体质点是研究流体运动规律的考察对象 连续性假定 Assumption of Continuity 假设流体是由大量质点组成的彼此间没有空隙，完全充满所占空间的连续介质 “理想流体” Ideal Fluid 主要内容 流体静力学 Fluid Statics 流体流动现象 Fluid Flow Phenomenon 流体流动系统的质量衡算与能量衡算 Mass Balance and Energy Balance 管内流动阻力 Drag in pipes 流量测量与流体输送设备 Metering and Transportation of Fluid 1. 流体静力学 Fluid statics 流体力学fluid mechanics： Fluid statics + fluid dynamics 密度和相对密度 Density 压强 Pressure 流体静力学平衡 Hydrostatic equilibrium 流体静力学方程应用举例 Applications 1.1 密度 Density Density of liquids Density of gases 1.2 压强 Pressure 1) 定义 Definition 2) 单位 pressure units： SI unit：N·m-2, Pa 换算关系 Conversion of units： 1 atm (standard atmosphere)＝101325N·m-2 ＝10332.5 kg·m-2 ＝10.33m H2O＝760mm Hg 3) 压强测定的基准 基准 Base：绝对真空 absolute vacuum(零压) 大气压强 air pressure 绝对压强：based on the absolute vacuum 相对压强：based on the air pressure 表压 gauge pressure或真空度vacuum pressure ?表压强 = 绝对压强 - 大气压强 ?真空度 = 大气压强 - 绝对压强 = - 表压强 Problem 2.1 在兰州操作的真空蒸馏塔顶的真空表读数为80×103Pa。在天津操作时，若要求塔内维持相同的绝对压强，真空表的读数应为 。 已知：兰州地区的平均大气压强为95.3×103Pa，天津地区的平均大气压强为101.33×103Pa。 1.3 流体静力学平衡 Hydrostatic equilibrium In a stationary mass of a single static fluid, the pressure is constant in any cross section parallel to the earth’s surface, but varies from height to height. Consider the vertical column of fluid shown in Fig. 2-1 方程的推导Development of the equation 1.3 Hydrostatic equilibrium 适用范围 Application scope -- Only applicable for the immobile incompressible fluid (liquid) in the field of gravity -- 对于气体若压强变化不大，