宿主环境病因疾病.pptVIP

主要内容 (outline) 第一节 病因的概念 concepts of causation 统计关联到因果关联From Epidemiological Association to Causation The frequency or strength of an event or risk factor varies with the frequency of the disease or condition. Increased numbers of children not immunized against measles causes the incidence rate for measles to go up. 共变法（concomitant variations canon） 吸烟与肺癌；氟龋齿、斑釉齿 Subduct from any phenomenon such part as is known by previous inductions to be the effect of certain antecedents, and the residue of the phenomenon is the remaining antecedents. 剩余法（residues canon） 乙肝病毒＋黄曲霉毒素－肝癌（藻类毒素） 病例对照研究（case-