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慈禧高清老照片1903-1904
Few photographs remain of the Empress Dowager Cixi
(1835–1908), China’s notorious head of state during the final
decades of the imperial era. Cixi used photographs to model
perceptions of her character at the very moment photography was
becoming a mass-media vehicle and the Qing dynasty (1644 to 1912)
was struggling to survive in a hostile imperialistic world.
Following the virulently anti-foreign Boxer Uprising in 1900, many
Chinese as well as foreigners blamed Cixi personally for this
disaster. In response, the Qing court initiated measures to reach out
to foreign nations through personal diplomacy. Cixi invited
members of the foreign legations in Beijing into the palace for
luncheons, and appointed a number of Manchus who had been
raised overseas to translate and help negotiate the confusing social
contacts with Westerners. One of these foreign-raised Manchus was 1
a young man named Xunling (1880–1943), the son of a former
ambassador to Tokyo and Paris. Xunling had picked up a passion
for photography while overseas. Upon learning this, Cixi engaged
him to take a series of individual portraits and elaborate group
tableaux that very much reflected her love of theater, as well as her
acute awareness that photography could be exploited to change her
public image and simultaneously reaffirm her authority.
This Visualizing Cultures unit is based on 36 of Xunlings glass
negatives in the collection of the Smithsonian Institutions Freer
Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Archives. The
remainder of Xunlings existing photographs are held by the
National Palace Museum in Beijing, or exist only in poor quality
commercial reproductions. As such, the Freer set is an important
but little known visual record of the advancement
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