第2讲神经生物学1概述神经元.ppt

* * 　　神经细胞能够感受到刺激和传导兴奋，是构成神经系统的结构和功能的基本单位，又称为神经元。 　　CNS中大约有1000亿个神经元。传入和传出为 3:1 。一个神经元可以与上万个其它神经元构成联系，形成了极为复杂的网络系统。 * 　　神经元作为基本功能单位是因为：独立发育而成；有高电阻分界面分隔；有明显的边界；动作电位传递以神经元为界。 * 轴浆运输的原理（众多） 囊泡滑动学说； 运载理论； 团流学说等 * Light micrograph showing the ependymal lining of the central canal of the spinal cord. A diagrammatic view of the neural tissue in the CNS showing relationships between neuroglia and neurons. * The role of glia cells: Glial cells support neurons, providing the brain with structure, they also separate and sometimes insulate neuronal groups and synaptic connections from each other. Two types of glial cells (oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells) produce the myelin used to insulate nerve cell axons, the cell outgrowths that conduct electrical signals. Some glial a scavengers, removing debris after injury or neuronal death. Glial cells perform important housekeeping chores that promote efficient signaling between neurons.some glia also take up chemical transmitters released by neurons during synaptic transmission. During brain development certain classes of glial cells (radial glia) guide migrating neurons and direct the outgrowth of axons. In some cases, as at the nerve-muscle synapse 神经纤维（Nerve fiber） 1. Nerve fiber结构 N f 轴 索 (neurite) 轴 膜 axon 长dendrite 髓鞘（myelin sheath） 神经膜（neurilemma) 郑州大学医学院生理学教研室 2．N f 兴奋传导的特征： Function: conducting action potential 1)Characteristic ? physiological integration (anesthetic and tetrodotoxin, TTX) ? insulation ? bidirectional propagation ? no fatigue 郑州大学医学院生理学教研室 3. The factors that influence the AP propagation: Conducting velocities of AP propagation: 0.5~120m/s. ①The diameter of NF: 0.2 -20 mm 与diameter成正比; V(m/s)=6×D(总diameter,um) The larger the diameter is , The faster AP propagates. 轴索与总diameter的比值= 0.6, 传导速度最快。 郑州大学医学院生理学教研室 ② Myelin sheath Myelinated nerve fiber Unmyelinated nerve fiver； 郑州大学医学院生理学教研室 ③ Temperature： 恒温动物 变温动物； 在一定范围内: temperature↑，velocity↑； temperature↓，