电化学分析---离子选择性电极.ppt

* * Ion-Selective Electrode The equipment required for direct potentiometric measurement includes an ion-selective electrode (ISE), a reference electrode, and a potential-measuring device. Fig.1 shows a schematic diagram of an electrochemical cell for potentio- metric measurement. Emem and Ej are the potentials generated between the internal-filling /the reference-bridge solutions, respectively, and the external sample solution. Information on the composition of a sample is obtained through the potential appearing between two electrodes. Potentiometry is a classical analytical technique with roots before the turn of this century. However, the rapid development of new selective electrodes and more sensitive and stable electronic components over the past 25 years has expanded tremendously the range of analytical applications of potentiometric measurements. The speed at which this field has developed is a measure of the degree to which potentiometric measurements meet the need of the analytical chemist for rapid, low-cost, and accurate analysis. In this chapter, the principles of direct potentiometric measurements, based on ion-selective electrodes, will be described. The principles of ISE The ISE is an indicator electrode capable of selectively measuring the activity of a particular ionic species. Such electrodes exhibit a fast response and a wide linear range, are not affected by color or turbidity, are not destructive, and are very inexpensive. Specially designed cells allow flow or microliter analyses. Ion-Selective Electrodes are mainly membrane-based devices, consisting of permselective ion-conducting materials, which separate the sample from the inside of the electrode. On the inside is a filling solution containing the ion of interest at a constant activity. The membrane is usually nonporous, water insoluble, and mechanically stable. The composition of the membrane is designed to yield a potential that is primarily due to the ion of inte