SoilMec和hanics土力学.pptVIP

Soil Mechanics土力学 教学目标 了解土的颗粒尺寸 熟悉土壤类型及其力学和物理性能的词汇 熟悉科技类文献的常用句型 　　Every large civil engineering job starts with a soil mechanics survey（地基勘测）in its early stage. The first visit on foot（踏勘）will show whether the site might be suitable, in other words, whether money should be spent on sending soil-sampling equipment out to it. The soil samples and the laboratory results obtained from the triaxial test, shear test and so on will show at what depth the soil is likely to be strong enough to take the required load. For a masonry or steel structure, this is where soil mechanics survey will end, having rarely cost more than 2 percent of the structure cost. 　　Generally, the strength of a soil increases with depth. But it can happen that it becomes weaker with depth. Therefore, in choosing the foundation pressure（地基压力）and level（深度）for this sort of soil, a knowledge of soil mechanics is essential, since this will give an idea of（对..有所了解）the likely settlements. 　　通常，土的强度随深度而增加。但会发生强度随深度变弱的情况。因此，在选择这种土的地基压力和深度时，土力学的知识是必要的，因为这将对可能的沉降有所了解。 　　There are, however, several other causes of settlement apart from consolidation（固结）due to load. These causes are incalculable（不可计算的）and must be carefully guarded against（预防）. They include frost（霜冻）action, chemical change in the soil, underground erosion（侵蚀）by flowing water, reduction of the ground water level, nearby construction of tunnels（隧道）or vibrating machinery（机械）such as vehicles. 　　但是，除了荷载引起的固结外，还有其他一些沉降的原因。这些原因是不可计算的，必须小心预防。它们包括霜冻作用、土壤中的化学变化、流水引起的地下侵蚀、地下水位的减少、附近隧道的施工或者振动的机械如车辆。 　　 Static load can cause elastic (temporary) or plastic （permanent） settlement, consolidation settlement being permanent. However, when plastic flow（塑性流）is mentioned in English, it generally means the failure of a soil by overload in shear. Consolidation settlement occurs mainly in clays or silts. 　　静荷载会引起弹性（暂时的）或塑性（永久的）的沉降，其中固结沉降是永久的。但是，在英语中提到塑性流，它通常意味着超载引起土壤的剪切失效。固结沉降主要发生在粘土或淤泥中。 　　From dynamic load alone the commonest settlements are found in sands or