新编简明英语语言学教程第6章_Pragmatics.pptVIP

Pragmatics can make sense out of nonsense, given a suitable context. Appropriateness is very important in linguistic communication, especially in cross-cultural communication. If you say something grammatically incorrect, you are at worse condemned as “speaking badly”, but, if you say something inappropriately, you will be judged as “behaving badly”, such as insincere, untruthful, or deceitful. (Thomas, 1983) 1. Micropragmatics (微观语用学) 2. Macropragmatics (宏观语用学) Speech act theory (言语行为理论) Principle of conversation (会话原则) It is about a large chunks of language, a whole conversation, an article, a chapter, etc. DEFINITION OF SPEECH ACT Actions performed via utterances are generally called speech acts (言语行为). They are commonly given more specific labels, such as apology, complaint, compliment, invitation, promise or request. (言语行为理论) 6.2.1 Austin’s model of speech acts 6.2.2 Searle’s classification of speech acts (1) TWO TYPES OF UTTERANCES Constatives (述事话语；叙述句；言有所述) --- statements that either state or describe, and are thus verifiable; Performatives (行事话语；施为句；言有所为) --- statements used to do something, which do not state or describe a fact and are not verifiable. 6.2.1 Austin’s model of speech acts What’s the type of the following utterances? 1. I was foolish. 2. I promise I’ll be there. 3. I name this ship Elizabeth. 4. This gun is loaded. 5. I apologize. 6. It’s such a fine day today. Performatives (行事话语) Constatives (述事话语) performative verb (行事动词) (2) AUSTIN’S NEW MODEL OF SPEECH ACTS --- According to Austin’s new model, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act (言内行为)； illocutionary act (言外行为)； perlocutionary act (言后行为). A locutionary act (言内行为) is the act of saying words, phrases, clauses…; it is an act