第一章节_一阶微分方程的应用.pptVIP

Qualitative analysis, critical points The intercepts of f occur at y = 0 and y = K, corresponding to the critical points of logistic equation. The vertex of the parabola is (K/2, rK/4), as shown below. Qualitative analysis, increasing/decreasing Note dy/dt 0 for 0 y K, so y is an increasing function of t there (indicate with right arrows along y-axis on 0 y K). Similarly, y is a decreasing function of t for y K (indicate with left arrows along y-axis on y K). In this context the y-axis is often called the phase line. Qualitative analysis, concavity Next, to examine concavity of y(t), we find y: Thus the graph of y is concave up when f and f have same sign, which occurs when 0 y K/2 and y K. The graph of y is concave down when f and f have opposite signs, which occurs when K/2 y K. Inflection point occurs at intersection of y and line y = K/2. Qualitative analysis, curve sketching Combining the information on the previous slides, we have: Graph of y increasing when 0 y K. Graph of y decreasing when y K. Slope of y approximately zero when y ? 0 or y ? K. Graph of y concave up when 0 y K/2 and y K. Graph of y concave down when K/2 y K. Inflection point when y = K/2. Using this information, we can sketch solution curves y for different initial conditions. Qualitative analysis, curve sketching Using only the information present in the differential equation and without solving it, we obtained qualitative information about the solution y. For example, we know where the graph of y is the steepest, and hence where y changes most rapidly. Also, y tends asymptotically to the line y = K, for large t. The value of K is known as the carrying capacity, or saturation level, for the species. Note how solution behavior differs from that of exponential equation, and thus the decisive effect of nonlinear term in logistic equation. Model 3: Population dynamics Exact solution: separating variables Provided y ≠ 0 and y ≠ K, we ca