采矿工程专业 爆破在井巷掘进中的应用 中英文对照(指南).docVIP

附录 外文翻译 APPLICATION OF BLASTING IN DRIVING TUNNEL1 FRAGMENTATION Fragmentation is the breaking of coal oreor rock by blasting so that the bulk ofthe material is small enough to load handle and transport.Fragmentation would be atits best when the debris is not smaller than necessary for handling and not so large asto require hand breaking or secondary blasting . Energy must be supplied to rock by direct or indirect means to fragment that rockand the type of loading system.Fragmentation energy is consumed by the mainmechanisms: 1 creation of new surface area fracture energy 2friction plasticityand 3elastic wave enegy dispersion. The loading method determines the relative proportions and the amount of energyconsumed in fragmenting a given rock type. Unonfined tensile failure consumes theleast energy with an increasing amount of energy required as the rock is more highlyconfined within a compressive stress field during fragmentation The way energy isapplied by tools to cause rock or mineral fragmentation is important in determiningfragmentation efficiency. To best design fragmentation tools and optimizefragmentation systems it would be desirable to know how rock properties influencebreakage. The strength of rock is influenced by the environmental conditions imposed on therock.Those of most importance in rock are 1confining pressure 2pore fluidpressure 3temperature and 4rate of load application .Increase in confiningpressure as with increasing depth beneath th earths surface or under the action of afragmentation tool causes an increase in rock strength .Apparent rock strengthdecreases as porc fluid pressure increases since it decreases the effect of confiningpressure. Although chemical effects of pore fluids influence rock strength theygenerally are small compared to the confining pressure effect except for a smallminority of rock types .Increase in rock temperature causes a decrease in rockstrength.This effect is very small because of the small ambient temperature chang