第五单元 非限定动词.ppt

第五单元 非限定动词 (Non-finite Verbs) 一. 不定式 (infinitive) (一)不定式的形式 不定式有两种形式：一是带to的不定式（to-infinitive）, 一是不带to的不定式（bare infinitive）。后者即通常所谓的动词原形。 不定式的否定形式通常是在不定式符号前加not, never等否定词。不定式结构之前还可带有疑问词 who, what, which, when, where, how等 (二)不定式结构的句法功能 不定式在句中不能单独用作谓语，但可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语、主语补足语等成分。 1. 用作主语 (1) To see is to believe. (2) For him to admit his mistakes is not easy. (3) Never to have made any mistake is impossible. (4) How to make our life longer is a big problem. It is hard to restore a broken mirror. （it作形式主语） It took me two hours to finish the work. （it作形式主语） Note: 不定式作主语时，有很多情况下都可用动名词替代。例如： To know oneself is difficult. Knowing oneself is difficult. 但是，如果作主语的不定式是固定说法，或表示较强烈的对比，或某些具体情况等，通常不用动名词替代。例如： To err is human. To respect others is to be respected. To teach is to learn. To finish this job in one day is impossible. 2. 用作表语或主语补语 To live is to do something worthwhile. The only thing I can do now is to leave. The question is where to go. He was not allowed to do it. (主语补语) The room was found to be empty.(主语补语) 3. 用作宾语 I have forgotten to bring my umbrella. I wonder whether to invite him or not. He didnt tell me clearly what to do next. He feels it his duty to help others. (it作形式宾语) I think it impossible for him to complete his studies in two years’ time. (it作形式宾语) 4. 用作宾语补足语 (它与宾语有主谓关系) I want you to be happy. What caused her to give up her studies？ She asked me to answer the phone in her absence. 有一些动词后作宾语补足语的不定式通常不带to。这种动词一类是感觉动词，如feel, see, hear, watch, notice 等。另一类是某些使役动词，如make, let, have 等。例如： I saw him come. They made their children go to bed early. 但若这些动词用于被动结构，其后的不定式一般需加to。如： He was seen to come. The children were made to go to bed early. 5. 用作定语 (放在所修饰的名词或代词之后) The next train to arrive is from New York. He is always the first to come and the last to leave the classroom. He has too many things to do. I have nothing to say on this question. He has a room to live in. ( in 不