化工与环保.ppt

There are three main basic models used to estimate the most important process variables of different chemical reactors: batch reactor model (batch), continuously stirred-tank reactor model (CSTR, Figure 2), and plug flow reactor model (PFR). Furthermore, catalytic reactors require separate treatment, whether they are batch, CST, or PF reactors, as the many assumptions of the simpler models are not valid. substrate product Immobilized enzyme Figure 2 Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor Key process variables include: Residence time(τ), Volume(V), Temperature(T), Pressure(p), Concentrations of chemical species (C1, C2, C3,…,Cn), Heat transfer coefficients (h, U) Types of reactor CSTR In a CSTR, one or more fluid reagents are introduced into a tank reactor equiped with an impeller while the reactor effluent is removed. The impeller stirs the reagents to ensure proper mixing. Simply dividing the volume of the tank by the average volumetric flow rate through the tank gives the residence time, or the average amount of time a discrete quantity of reagent spends inside the tank. Using chemical kinetics, the reactions’s expected percent completion can be calculated. At steady-state, the flow rate in must equal the mass flow rate out, otherwise the tank will overflow or go empty (transient state). While the reactor is in a transient state the model equation must be derived from the differential mass and energy balances. The reaction proceeds at the reaction rate associated with the final (output) concentration. Often, It is economically beneficial to operate sveral CSTRs in series. This allows, for example, the first CSTR to operate at a higher reagent concentration and therefore a higher reaction rate. In these cases, the sizes of the reactors may be varied in order to minimize the total capital investment required to implement the process. It can be seen that an infinite number of infinitely small CSTRs operating in series would be equivalent to a PFR. The behavior of a CSTR i