土木工程专业英语陈瑛3.1.LoadConditionsandLoadPaths.pptVIP

3.1 Load Conditions and Load Paths Vertical Loads Gravity loads Act in the same direction as gravity (i.e., downward or vertically) Vertical Loads Gravity loads Include dead loads live loads snow loads Wind uplift forces Vertical Loads Gravity loads static in nature uniformly distributed load / concentrated load Thus, determining a gravity load on a beam or column is a relatively simple exercise that uses the concept of tributary areas从属面积 to assign loads to structural elements. The tributary area is the area of the building construction that is supported by a structural element, including the dead load (i.e., weight of the construction) and any applied loads (i.e., live load). For example, the tributary gravity load on a floor joist would include the uniform floor load (dead and live) applied to the area of floor supported by the individual joist. Tributary area Wind uplift forces are generated by negative (suction) pressures acting in an outward direction from the surface of the roof in response to the aerodynamics [7ZErEudai5nAmiks] 空气动力特性of wind flowing over and around the building. Wind pressures act perpendicular to the building surface (not in the direction of gravity) and that pressures vary according to the size of the tributary area and its location on the building, particularly proximity to changes in geometry (e.g., eaves, corners, and ridges). 影响风荷载大小的因素： 风速 建筑物的高度、形状 周围环境 Lateral Loads The primary loads that produce lateral forces on buildings are attributable to可归因于forces associated with Wind seismic ground motion soil Lateral forces from wind are generated by positive wind pressures on the windward face of the building and by negative pressures on the leeward face of the building, creating a combined push-and-pull effect, and resulting uplifting, racking or sliding of building. Seismic lateral forces are generated by a structure’s dynamic inertial 惯性的 response to cyclic ground movement. The magnitude of the seismic shea