相消性干涉-ckw.PPT

Making the Connection 連起來 A storm develops 600 km offshore starts moving towards you at 40 km/h. 一個風暴在離岸 600 km 生，之後以 40 km/h 朝你移動。 Large waves with crests 250 m apart are your 1st hint of the storm. 峰距 250 m 的大浪是你關於這風暴的第一個警訊。 How long after you observe these waves will the storm hit? 在你觀察到這些浪之後多久，風暴就會抵達？ Time for storm to reach you = 風暴到你處所需時間 = Speed of wave = 波速 = Time for wave to reach you = 波到你處所需時間 = The storm is 15 ? 8.45 = 6.55 h ? 6.6 h away. 風暴在 15 ? 8.45 = 6.55 h ? 6.6 h 之後到。 Beats 音拍 Beats: interference between 2 waves of nearly equal freq. 音拍：兩個頻率差不多的波的干涉。 Freq of envelope 包封的頻率 = ?1 ? ?2 . smaller freq diff ? longer period between beats 頻差較小 ? 音拍的間隔較長 Applications 應用 : Synchronize airplane engines (beat freq ? 0). 把飛機各個引擎調成同步 (音拍頻率? 0) 。 Tune musical instruments. 為音樂器材調音。 High precision measurements (EM waves). 高精確度測量 (電磁波) 。 Constructive 相長 Destructive 相消 Interference in 2-D 二維干涉 Water waves from two sources with separation ? ? 從兩個相隔 ? ? 的波源所生的水波 Nodal lines 節線： Amplitude 振幅 ? 0 path difference = ? n ? 徑差 Destructive 相消 Constructive 相長 Interference 干涉 Example 14.5. Calm Water 止水 Ocean waves pass through two small openings, 20 m apart, in a breakwater. 海浪穿過防波堤上兩個相隔 20 m 的小開口。 75 m from the breakwater midway between the openings, water is rough. 離防波堤 75 m ，在兩開口的中點處，海面浪大。 33 m parallel to the breakwater away, the water is calm. 沿平行於防波堤的方向走 33 m ，海面平靜。 What’s the wavelength of the waves? 浪的波長為何？ 平靜 浪大 GOT IT 懂嗎? 14.4. Light shines through two small holes onto a screen in a dark room. 光從兩個小孔照到黑房內的銀幕上。 The holes spacing is comparable to the wavelength of the light. 兩孔間的距離與光的波長相當。 Looking at the screen, will you see 在銀幕上你可以看到 two bright spots (a) 兩個亮點 a pattern of light dark patches? (b) 一個有明有暗的圖案 Explain. 解釋之。 14.6. Reflection Refraction 反射和折射 Fixed end 末端固定 Free end 末端可動 Partial Reflection 部份反射 A = max; reflected wave not inverted 反射波不顛倒 light + heavy ropes 輕 + 重繩 A = 0; re