钙离子与信号转导.pptVIP

* Time Duration of Ca2+ signal – life or death signal Cells avoid death either by using low-amplitude Ca2+ signals or, more usually, by delivering the signals as brief ‘transients’. Frequency modulation Cells use frequency modulation (FM) to vary the intensity and nature of the physiological output. * High frequent Ca2+ sparks can relax smooth muscle cells Frequency of Ca2+ oscillation determines the mode of gene transcription * 钙离子浓度的升高增加钙振荡的幅度和频率 * 钙振荡与否影响基因的表达 * 细胞内钙离子浓度和钙振荡对基因表达的不同影响 * Amplitude Different genes can be activated by varying the amplitude of Ca2+ signals. Oscillations of the intracellular calcium concentration are known as a way of signal transduction between cells. Changes in amplitude and frequency of these oscillations can induce cell proliferation or the growth of synapses in neuronal networks. * Fertilization and development （受精与发育） In mammals, life begins at fertilization when the sperm interacts with the egg to trigger a Ca2+ oscillation that persists for several hours. This prolonged period of repetitive Ca2+ pulses triggers the developmental program by stimulating the enzymatic machinery involved in the cell-division cycle. Significance of Ca2+ signaling * Evidences In amphibians and zebrafish it is thought to help specify which cells will form structures at the top (dorsal) or the bottom (ventral) part of the embryo. In development of the heart, the Ca2+-dependent ‘nuclear factor of activated T cells’ (NF-AT) helps to form the cardiac septum and valves. Spontaneous Ca2+ transients with different frequencies are responsible for various aspects of differentiation in developing amphibian neurons. As embryos grow and groups of cells differentiate to perform specialized functions, Ca2+ signaling contributes to body polarity and pattern formation. * Ca2+ signalling during six stages of zebrafish development * 2. Cell proliferation（细胞增殖） A prolonged period of Ca2+ signaling is an impo