生物专业英语第六章生命起源课件.ppt

2.The Emergence of life: Organic and Biological Molecules on a Primitive Planet Evidence for prelife stages of chemical organization comes from laboratory experiments that try to duplicate the physical environment and chemical resources of the early earth. 通过模拟地球早期的自然环境和化学条件，科学家在实验室中获得了化学有机体生命前阶段的证据。 These experiments, including the pioneering work of Miller and Urey, have successfully produced organic monomers including amino acids, simple sugars, and nucleic acid bases. 这些开创性的实验由米勒和尤利完成，实验成功地获取了有机单体，包括氨基酸、单糖、核酸碱基。 1953年由美国芝加哥大学研究生米勒（S.L.Miller）在其导师尤利（H.C.Urey）指导下完成。 米勒模拟实验 一种模拟在原始地球大气中进行雷鸣闪电能产生有机物（特别是氨基酸），以论证生命起源的化学进化过程的实验。 Experiments by Miller (Univ. of Chicago): Bathus In a reducing environment, amino acids and bases are easy to synthesize from naturally occurring molecules. The experiments fail in a neutral or oxygen-rich atmosphere. Chemical stage to vacuum pump boiling water spark discharge liquid water in trap water containing organic compounds water droplets water in condenser electrodes water out CH4 NH3 H2O H2 gases 1953: Urey-Miller experiment 1938: Aleksandr Oparin Balthus Balthus The probable next step toward life was the spontaneous linking of such monomers into polymers such as proteinoids and nuclei acids. Current research suggests that likely sites for this polymerization were clay or rock surfaces. 这些单体自发的连接成多聚体，如类蛋白和核酸，使进入生命状态成为可能。最近的研究表明这些聚合作用可能发生在泥土或岩石表面。 Researchers have found that, when energy is available to a system, they can generate three kinds of organic molecular aggregates. The Russian Aleksandr Oparin obtained polymer-rich droplets, called coacervates from solutions of polymers. 研究者们发现当一个系统获得能量时，可能产生3种有机分子的聚集体。俄国科学家Aleksandr Oparin从多聚物的溶液中得了富含多聚物的小液滴，即凝聚物； Alexander I. Oparin 他认为原始地球上无游离氧的还原性大气在短波紫外线等能源作用下能生成简单有机物(生物小分子)，简单有机物可生成复杂有机物(生物大分子)并且在原始海洋中形成多分子体系的团聚体，后者经过长期的演变和“自然选择”，终于出现了原始生命即原生体。化学进化论的实验证据越来越多己为绝大多数科学家所接受。 Proteinoids ? coacervates ? compartmentalization proto-cells ? metabolism 类蛋白-凝聚物-区分-细胞前体-代