（2008）A Framework for Identifying (and Avoiding) Fraudulent Financial Reporting.pdfVIP

A Framework for Identifying (and Avoiding) Fraudulent Financial Reporting* WALLY SMIELIAUSKAS, University of Toronto ABSTRACT This commentary analyzes the relationship of fraud risk assessments to other risk assess- ments by auditors. The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board notes that this is a problem area of current practice. Effective detection of fraudulent financial reporting requires an integrative accounting/auditing conceptual framework. As a result, this paper is as much about accounting theory as it is about auditing. To simplify the development of such an integrated framework, this paper uses an expanded risk model. This effectively results in a risk perspective on fraudulent financial reporting. There are many potential implications but the major findings are as follows. First, the study identifies the crucial role of benchmarks based on acceptable levels of risk to help differentiate between inten- tional and unintentional misstatements. Such differentiation is critical to successfully implementing the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants’ Statement on Auditing Standards (SAS) No. 99 and international standards ISA Nos. 240 , 540, and 700. Second, the paper shows the importance of not allowing the major categories of risks identified here from getting too high. This paper explains the need to set acceptable levels of these risks, either by standard-setters as a matter of broad policy, or by individual practitioners as part of the terms of specific engagements. I propose that a major factor in the concept of “present fairly” be the acceptable levels of accounting risks that are defined here, espe- cially the risks due to intentional forecast errors. Third, this paper clarifies how the fraud risk of SAS No. 99, and similar international standards, relates to the