世界各地的讨论课及其来源探究.doc

世界各地的讨论课小调查 中国高校中讨论课产生的源头为国外许多大学课程中的tutorial或seminar。它们在各国所表示的教育形式并不一定只是讨论课，比如在英国tutorial指的就是小班化教学，不过虽然意思不同，但是其共同点也很明显，就是size小，且提供同学们自由讨论机会的上课形式。 接下来介绍的分别是1、各国各有千秋的tutorial，2、关于seminar，3、关于普林斯顿大学preceptorial system的初始制定者Woodrow Wilson，4、普林斯顿大学对于此体系的传承发展，5、不完全中外对比总结 第一部分中有些地方会有重复信息，因为各国的tutorial有点大同小异，但是作为原始资料还是都给老大看一下，毕竟在沙子里还是有很多闪光点~可以略读一下，越是后面越精华~（*下划线部分为主要信息）。 一、About tutorial in different countries 1、Tutorial在英国指小班化教学 In British academic parlance, a tutorial is a small class of one, or only a few, students, in which the tutor (a lecturer or other academic staff member) gives individual attention to the students. The tutorial system at Oxford and Cambridge is fundamental to methods of teaching at those universities. It is rare for newer universities in the UK to have the resources to offer individual tuition; six to eight (or even more) students is a far more common tutorial size. Tutorials have attracted controversy in the UK with some Universities increasing class sizes and cutting tutorial hours to save on costs. 2、Tutorial在加拿大指大讲座的小班化补充 In some Canadian universities, such as the University of Waterloo or the University of Toronto, a tutorial refers to a class of between 12-18 students that is supplemental to a large lecture course, which gives students the opportunity to discuss the lectures and/or additional readings in smaller groups. These tutorials are often led by graduate students, normally known as Teaching Assistants (TAs), though it is not unknown for the primary instructor of a course, even if a full professor, to take a tutorial. 3、tutorial在澳大利亚和新西兰类似加拿大 In Australian and New Zealand universities, a tutorial is a class of 10–30 students. Such tutorials are very similar to the Canadian system, although tutorials can occasionally be led by honours or postgraduate students, known as tutors. 4、Tutorial在美国含义丰富 At Princeton University, these tutorials are known as preceptorials and are led by preceptors. Woodrow Wilson（后文具体介绍） developed the preceptorial