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* Fundamentals of Optoelectronics * t 2t u0 △u 0 u g(u) Wavepacket emissions at random times from a lifetime broadened atomic system with transition lifetime t. The light emitted has a Lorentzian power spectral density of width △v=1/2pt Each of the photons emitted from the transition represents a wavepacket of central frequency v0 (the transition resonance frequency), with an exponentially decaying envelope of decay time 2t (i.e., with energy decay time equal to the transition lifetime t), * Fundamentals of Optoelectronics * Life-time broadening called the lifetime-broadening linewidth Because: ΔE = hΔV So that: * Fundamentals of Optoelectronics * The largest transition cross section occurs under ideal conditions when the decay is entirely radiative so that t2 = tsp and 1/t1=0 (which is the case when level 1 is the ground state from which no decay is possible). Then Δv= 1/2ptsp therefore we have because from So that we have * Fundamentals of Optoelectronics * Collision Broadening A sinewave interrupted at the rate fcol by random phase jumps has a Lorentzian spectrum of width △n=fcol/p Inelastic collisions, energy is exchanged, result in atomic transitions between energy levels. This contribution to the decay rates affects the lifetimes of all levels involved and hence the linewidth of the radiated field, as indicated above. Elastic collisions, on the other hand, do not involve energy exchange. Rather, they cause random phase shifts of the wavefunction associated with the energy level, which in turn results in a random phase shift of the radiated field at each collision time. * Fundamentals of Optoelectronics * Collisions, they cause random phase shifts of the wavefunction associated with the energy level, which in turn results in a random phase shift of the radiated field at each collision time. Collisions between atoms provide a source of such line broadening, exhibits spectral broadening. The spectrum turns out to be Lorentzian, with width: Δ