新生儿营养需要.pptVIP

* - This intake would assume an increase in weight of 16-20 g/kg/d; protein retention of 2 g/kg/d; energy absorption rate of 90% * Note – non ventilated 30-34 wker requires 60-70 kcal/kg/d to meet energy expenditure and so prevent loss of weight Note – increases in caloric intake should be made as soon as possible to achieve growth * Gold standard - Growth should be close to the amount of growth in utero. * PCA – post conceptual age PER – protein to energy ratio * Should be cautious to provide the proper amounts as increased levels may cause hyperglycemia and decreased levels may cause hypoglycemia * Substrates for gluconeogenesis are AA thus need to prevent proteolysis for this reason * Recommendations are the same as a newborn full term infant. * 血糖高容易产生渗透性利尿，血渗透压增高；极低出生体重儿，硬肿症和病重的新生儿糖耐量低 * Endogenous fat stores is very limited in LBW and VLBW infants and therefore we must be concerned about the quantity and quality. * Eicisanoids – modulate various tissue functions such as thrombocyte aggregation, postnatal closure of patent ductus arteriosis, inflammatory reactions, and postnatal development of immune phenotypes. * Always trying to achieve the same growth as achieved if still in utero. * 静脉应用脂肪乳剂增加感染机会，中性脂肪抑制免疫功能，影响血小板聚集功能 脂肪乳剂影响肺的弥散功能，影响肺泡气体交换 * Lower levels due to poor absorption, delayed onset of enteral feedings * The main site for vitamin D storage is in fat and muscle – thus smaller amounts as prems are smaller. ELBW infants would have less stores * Minimum recommendations are based on the evidence that calcium absorption in LBW is related to calcium intake rather that vitamin D intake and the amount that will maintain adequate vitamin D status. * Vit E is a collective name for all molecules that exhibit the biological activity of ? tocopherol. * These quantities are found in preterm formulas and multivitamin preparations. * Minimal specific information regarding the requirements for premature infants. Rarely see in North America due to prophylactic trea